This is one of Lenin’s major economic works, tracing the emergence of capitalism in Russia through the domestic market, the differentiation of the peasantry, the rise of new classes, and the transformation of the countryside itself. Lenin does not merely describe the economy; he analyzes how Russian society changed under the pressure of capitalist modernization. Fawwaz Traboulsi’s Arabic translation makes available a foundational text in Marxist debates on social transition and the history of capitalism.