Social Classes and Political Power in Lebanon

Heinrich Boll Stiftung

In Lebanon, where classes are denied, economic and political power intertwine in a rentier and sectarian system that deepens exploitation and leads to a "mafiocracy" increasing social polarization.

No Freedom Without Equality

Heinrich Boll Stiftung

There is no genuine freedom without social equality; separating political liberty from economic justice empties it of its content and renders it an illusion.

الطبقات الاجتمـاعية في لبنان – إثبــات وجود

Social Classes in Lebanon - A Proof of Existence

Addustor

Classes in Lebanon are not an illusion hidden by sects, but a key to understanding the state itself and who reproduces it after the war.

Arab Democracy and New Geo-Strategic Realities

The Washington Papers

Has the West tried to impose democracy on us?—No. It exported modernization, not democracy, and always backed authoritarianism. The 1949 Zaim coup was about oil and Israel, not the Cold War.