الاقتصاد والطوائف في نشوء «لبنان الكبير»

Economy and Sects in the Genesis of "Greater Lebanon"

Bidayat

The emergence of 'Greater Lebanon' was not merely a response to sectarian desires but a comprehensive French colonial operation that instrumentalized economics and sects to define an entity serving its interests in controlling Syria.

مئوية لبنان: البدايات، المحطات، العلاقات

Lebanon's Centenary: Beginnings, Milestones, Relations

Bidayat

This special issue investigates Lebanon's centenary by examining its colonial beginnings and revealing how "Greater Lebanon" was founded on French economic interests and the instrumentalization of politicized religious minorities.

من سويسرا الشرق إلى هانوي العرب تاريخ مختصر لصورة بيروت

From the Switzerland of the East to the Hanoi of the Arabs: A Brief History of Beirut's Image

Bidayat

Beirut, port for assembling cities — from "Switzerland of the East" to "Hanoi of the Arabs": every image has its political and class context.

The financial-merchant oligarchy in Lebanon

The Consortium: thirty families ruled independent Lebanon — the Pharaon-Chiha Bank made the president, and Chiha's five sisters married into the oligarchy to protect wealth.

Lebanese Oligarchy

Lebanon's oligarchy: Pharaon-Chiha Bank manufactured Khuri's presidency and placed three-quarters of parliament on its payroll—and Michel Chiha was both banker and chief ideologue.