مئوية لبنان: البدايات، المحطات، العلاقات

Lebanon's Centenary: Beginnings, Milestones, Relations

Bidayat

This special issue investigates Lebanon's centenary by examining its colonial beginnings and revealing how "Greater Lebanon" was founded on French economic interests and the instrumentalization of politicized religious minorities.

The financial-merchant oligarchy in Lebanon

The Consortium: thirty families ruled independent Lebanon — the Pharaon-Chiha Bank made the president, and Chiha's five sisters married into the oligarchy to protect wealth.

Lebanese Oligarchy

Lebanon's oligarchy: Pharaon-Chiha Bank manufactured Khuri's presidency and placed three-quarters of parliament on its payroll—and Michel Chiha was both banker and chief ideologue.