العنف في الحروب الاهلية: القنّاص والمنتقم

Violence in Civil Wars: The Sniper and the Avenger

Bidayat

In civil wars, the language of war singularizes the enemy to justify collective punishment, turning the sniper and avenger into instruments of absurd violence that fragments society and makes the enemy latent within each individual.

العنف في الحروب الأهلية: القبيلة والمقدّس والمعجزة

Violence in Civil Wars: The Tribe, the Sacred, and the Miraculous

Bidayat

In civil wars, sects transform into monsters that draw justifications for violence from tribalism and the sacred, redefining the "stranger," beatifying leaders, and manufacturing miracles to purify the "sanctuary."

Les guerres libanaises : sur la nécessité de se souvenir et le besoin d’oubli

Lebanese Wars: On the Necessity of Remembering and the Need to Forget

Forgetting is "the living force of memory"—but what Lebanon practiced is programmed amnesia that erases responsibilities and blames the Palestinians. What is needed is remembering the causes, not the horrors.

How to prevent civil war: Remember the last one

The Daily Star

An interview: the simple reason to remember the war is to avoid another—and "constructed amnesia" protects warlords-turned-rulers. The young generation carries a "big black hole."