كارل ماركس – مقالات عن سورية ولبنان، ١٨٦٠

Karl Marx - Articles on Syria and Lebanon, 1860

Bidayat

In his articles on the 1860 events in Syria and Lebanon, Marx exposes French and Russian imperial ambitions behind the pretext of protecting Christians, and reveals the "Arab Kingdom" project.

مقالات عن سورية ولبنان، ١٨٦٠

Articles on Syria and Lebanon, 1860

Bidayat

Translation: Marx in 1860 reveals great-power horse-trading over Syria's corpse — but neglects the internal causes: the collapse of the muqata'ji system and peasant uprisings.

Ahmad Faris Al-Shidyaq: In quest of another modernity

Cambridge University Press

Al-Shidyaq, bearer of "the possible modernity": Work, not Education, as the motor of renaissance; the repression of female instinct as the basis of male domination—and peasant revolts, not the European "spark," as his context.

Aḥmad Fāris al-Shidyāq: An Arab Traveler in Nineteenth-Century Europe and Beyond

Aḥmad Fāris al-Shidyāq, the rebellious Nahda thinker, bridged the gap between East and West, advocating for freedom, equality, and women's liberation, facing censorship and marginalization.

عيد البربارة والصراع الطبقي

Saint Barbara's Day and the Class Struggle

The Feast of Barbara: collective begging — the Rahbanis warned: "Poverty, when hungry, eats the king." No one listened. Hunger ate Beirut's port in the 1975 carnival.

Ahmad Faris Shidyaq: An Arab Traveller in 19th Century Europe

Shidyaq: a deacon who converted, the first Arab socialist—and 121 years on, his Muslim name still embarrasses his Maronite village.

Genealogy: Science or Practical Illusion?

Genealogy is "practical illusion" per Ibn Khaldun: its utility lies not in knowledge but in cementing solidarity and "social honor"—and families accept from their own history only what pleases them.

A Collective History for Lebanon

Qantara.de

The solid confessional blocs only emerged in the mid-19th century — before that, leaders were secular, and in 1820, Christians, Druze, Shia, and Sunnis rebelled together against taxes.

The Political Economy of Militia Control – Brown University

Wars have no sense but functions—Lebanese militias achieved the "supreme capitalist phantasm": profit without capital investment, through ten illegal ports and a mafia predation economy.