Financial Oligarchy – Fawwaz Traboulsi

Papers EN History Political Economy 2007

The financial-merchant oligarchy in Lebanon

The Consortium: thirty families ruled independent Lebanon — the Pharaon-Chiha Bank made the president, and Chiha's five sisters married into the oligarchy to protect wealth.

Papers EN Political Economy Politics 2001

The Lebanese System Revisited

The Lebanese system was "globalized before globalization"—it was not coexistence that produced prosperity but economic expansion, and when it was unevenly distributed, war followed. The alternative: "Security by providing bread for everybody."