العنف في الحروب الاهلية: القنّاص والمنتقم

Violence in Civil Wars: The Sniper and the Avenger

Bidayat

In civil wars, the language of war singularizes the enemy to justify collective punishment, turning the sniper and avenger into instruments of absurd violence that fragments society and makes the enemy latent within each individual.

العنف في الحروب الأهلية: القبيلة والمقدّس والمعجزة

Violence in Civil Wars: The Tribe, the Sacred, and the Miraculous

Bidayat

In civil wars, sects transform into monsters that draw justifications for violence from tribalism and the sacred, redefining the "stranger," beatifying leaders, and manufacturing miracles to purify the "sanctuary."

Do Collective Rights Contribute to Conflict Resolution? The case of Lebanon

Politicized sects are enlarged patronage networks shielding members from the market and covering predation—and the solution lies in the existing constitution: a Senate for sects, a non-sectarian House for citizens, plus social justice.