{"id":5244,"date":"2019-10-01T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2019-10-01T00:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/fawwaztraboulsi.local\/?p=5244"},"modified":"2026-03-08T20:14:53","modified_gmt":"2026-03-08T18:14:53","slug":"%d9%85%d9%86-%d8%b3%d9%88%d9%8a%d8%b3%d8%b1%d8%a7-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b4%d8%b1%d9%82-%d8%a5%d9%84%d9%89-%d9%87%d8%a7%d9%86%d9%88%d9%8a-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b9%d8%b1%d8%a8-%d8%aa%d8%a7%d8%b1%d9%8a%d8%ae-%d9%85","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.fawwaztraboulsi.com\/ar\/%d9%85%d9%86-%d8%b3%d9%88%d9%8a%d8%b3%d8%b1%d8%a7-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b4%d8%b1%d9%82-%d8%a5%d9%84%d9%89-%d9%87%d8%a7%d9%86%d9%88%d9%8a-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b9%d8%b1%d8%a8-%d8%aa%d8%a7%d8%b1%d9%8a%d8%ae-%d9%85\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0648\u064a\u0633\u0631\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0631 \u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 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href=\"#footnote_hz5iril\">\u0669<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>\u0647\u0643\u0630\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u062c\u0644\u0651\u0649 \u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0639: \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0632\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0623\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645. \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0632\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0631\u0651\u0650\u0631 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u062a\u0645\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0647\u064a\u0651\u0627\u062a\u060c \u064a\u0628\u0630\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0627\u0628\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0629\u064b &#8211; \u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0641\u0651\u0642\u0629 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0627\u064b &#8211; \u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0637\u0631\u0641\u064e\u064a \u0631\u0645\u0632\u064a\u0651\u0629 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class=\"footnotes\">\n<li id=\"footnote_f9pyp3r\" class=\"footnote\"><a class=\"footnote-label\" href=\"#footnoteref_f9pyp3r\">\u0661.<\/a> \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062a\u064a: \u0635\u064a\u063a\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0651\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0646\u0634\u0631\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0630\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u00abBeyrouth, la brulure des reves\u00bb, dirig\u00e9 par Jad Tabet, Autrement, no. 127, d\u00e9cembre 2001<\/li>\n<li id=\"footnote_z0m1iiu\" class=\"footnote\"><a class=\"footnote-label\" href=\"#footnoteref_z0m1iiu\">\u0662.<\/a> Thobie J., Int\u00e9r\u00eats et imp\u00e9rialisme fran\u00e7ais dans l&#8217;empire ottoman, Paris 1977<\/li>\n<li id=\"footnote_emo24jz\" class=\"footnote\"><a class=\"footnote-label\" href=\"#footnoteref_emo24jz\">\u0663.<\/a> \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631: \u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u00ab\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639\u0646\u0627\u00bb\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0645\u064a\u0634\u0627\u0644 \u062c\u062d\u0627\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0661\u0669\u0669\u0660\u060c \u0635 \u0661\u0668\u0663 &#8211; \u0661\u0668\u0666<\/li>\n<li id=\"footnote_qqf2dib\" class=\"footnote\"><a class=\"footnote-label\" href=\"#footnoteref_qqf2dib\">\u0664.<\/a> \u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0661\u0665 \u062d\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646 \/ \u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0648 \u0661\u0668\u0664\u0666\u060c \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u064a\u0648\u0633\u0641 \u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u064a\u0632\u0628\u0643\u060c \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0651\u0645\u0629 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0623\u0646\u0637\u0648\u0646 \u0636\u0627\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u060c \u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u062a\u0646\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0628\u0644\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a \u0661\u0669\u0663\u0668\u060c \u0635 \u0663\u0668<\/li>\n<li id=\"footnote_lje95ap\" class=\"footnote\"><a class=\"footnote-label\" href=\"#footnoteref_lje95ap\">\u0665.<\/a> \u0623\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u062d\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u060c \u0635 \u0669\u0669<\/li>\n<li id=\"footnote_it9kcrh\" class=\"footnote\"><a class=\"footnote-label\" href=\"#footnoteref_it9kcrh\">\u0666.<\/a> cques Tabet, Paris, 1924, cited in Marwan Buheiry: \u00abBeirut\u2019s Role in the Political Economy of the French Mandate, 1919 &#8211; 39\u00bb, Papers on Lebanon, no. 4, Oxford, Centre for Lebanese Studies, s.d.<\/li>\n<li id=\"footnote_n3e7uji\" class=\"footnote\"><a class=\"footnote-label\" href=\"#footnoteref_n3e7uji\">\u0667.<\/a> \u0648\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d \u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0631\u062c \u0646\u0642\u0627\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0661\u0669\u0665\u0660 \u0644\u063a\u0631\u0636 \u062a\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0641\u062a\u062d \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0651 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0651\u0629<\/li>\n<li id=\"footnote_gifb1cz\" class=\"footnote\"><a class=\"footnote-label\" href=\"#footnoteref_gifb1cz\">\u0668.<\/a> Michel Chiha, Le Liban Aujourd\u2019hui, 1942; Politique Int\u00e9rieure, Beyrouth, Editions du Trident, 1957; \u00abVisages et Pr\u00e9sence du Liban\u00bb, Les Conf\u00e9rences du c\u00e9nacle Libanais, Beyrouth, XVIII\u00e8me ann\u00e9e, no.9 &#8211; 12; 1964, Variations sur la M\u00e9diterran\u00e9e, 1975<\/li>\n<li id=\"footnote_hz5iril\" class=\"footnote\"><a class=\"footnote-label\" href=\"#footnoteref_hz5iril\">\u0669.<\/a> \u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639: \u0641\u0648\u0627\u0632 \u0637\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0633\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0633\u0631\u062d \u0641\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0627\u0628\u0646\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u064a\u0628\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0632\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u062c\u0648\u0628\u0629\u060c \u0662\u0660\u0660\u0666\u060c \u0635 \u0661\u0667\u0667<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u00ab\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u064f\u0641\u0646\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c \u0645\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0621\u064c \u0644\u062a\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u062f\u0646\u00bb \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f \u062f\u0631\u0648\u064a\u0634\u060c \u00ab\u0642\u0635\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u00bb \u064a\u0635\u0639\u0628 \u062a\u0635\u0648\u0651\u0631 \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629\u0661 \u0623\u0634\u062f\u0651 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0639 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u062a\u064e\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0645\u0646\u0639\u0643\u0633\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u060c \u0642\u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0627 \u0647\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0642\u0631\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0646. \u0647\u064a \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0630\u0648\u0631\u0629\u064c \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0645\u062b\u064a\u0644\u060c \u064a\u064f\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u062e\u064a\u0651\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0627. \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0639\u0643\u0633\u062a\u0652 \u0645\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0648\u0631\u063a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":"","_wp_rev_ctl_limit":""},"categories":[],"content_type":[557],"themes":[327,333],"country":[347],"language":[68],"archive_type":[169],"archive_author":[247],"media_type":[133],"keywords":[2467,2325,2323,1967,2045,2591,1987,2523,2183,2177,2243,2093,1862,1925,2573],"ft_dossier":[],"ft_categories":[],"published_in":[3069],"class_list":["post-5244","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","content_type-papers-ar","themes-history-ar","themes-politics-ar","country-lebanon-ar","language-68","archive_type-by-ft-ar","archive_author-fawwaz-traboulsi-ar","media_type-bidayat-ar","keywords-silk-economy-ar","keywords-ottoman-empire-ar","keywords-orientalism-ar","keywords-colonialism-ar","keywords-french-mandate-ar","keywords-history-kw-ar","keywords-cultural-history-ar","keywords-urban-history-ar","keywords-lebanese-history-ar","keywords-lebanese-civil-war-ar","keywords-memory-ar","keywords-historical-narrative-ar","keywords-arab-nationalism-ar","keywords-beirut-ar","keywords-lebanon-kw-ar","published_in-magazine-ar"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.fawwaztraboulsi.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5244","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.fawwaztraboulsi.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.fawwaztraboulsi.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.fawwaztraboulsi.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.fawwaztraboulsi.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=5244"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.fawwaztraboulsi.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5244\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.fawwaztraboulsi.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=5244"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.fawwaztraboulsi.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=5244"},{"taxonomy":"content_type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.fawwaztraboulsi.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/content_type?post=5244"},{"taxonomy":"themes","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.fawwaztraboulsi.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/themes?post=5244"},{"taxonomy":"country","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.fawwaztraboulsi.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/country?post=5244"},{"taxonomy":"language","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.fawwaztraboulsi.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/language?post=5244"},{"taxonomy":"archive_type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.fawwaztraboulsi.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/archive_type?post=5244"},{"taxonomy":"archive_author","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.fawwaztraboulsi.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/archive_author?post=5244"},{"taxonomy":"media_type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.fawwaztraboulsi.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media_type?post=5244"},{"taxonomy":"keywords","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.fawwaztraboulsi.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/keywords?post=5244"},{"taxonomy":"ft_dossier","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.fawwaztraboulsi.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/ft_dossier?post=5244"},{"taxonomy":"ft_categories","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.fawwaztraboulsi.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/ft_categories?post=5244"},{"taxonomy":"published_in","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.fawwaztraboulsi.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/published_in?post=5244"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}